Derivative classification is the process of creating new classified materials using existing classified sources. This ensures that sensitive information is properly marked and protected. Unlike original classification, where the classification level is determined by an authority, derivative classification involves applying pre-determined markings from source documents or Security Classification Guides (SCGs).
Key Points:
- Purpose: To protect national security by accurately marking new materials derived from classified sources.
- Process: Use SCGs or marked source documents to determine classification levels and apply them correctly.
- Responsibilities: Derivative classifiers must carry forward markings, document their decisions, and avoid over-classification.
- Training: Required every two years (or annually for some agencies) to maintain compliance and authority.
This practice is critical for safeguarding sensitive information, maintaining compliance with regulations, and preventing mishandling of classified materials.
Derivative Classification Training – Revised
Core Principles of Derivative Classification
Understanding derivative classification starts with its core principles, which ensure classified materials are handled consistently. These principles guide every decision and marking applied to newly created documents.
Original Classification Authority (OCA) Explained
Only Original Classification Authorities (OCAs) are authorized to make initial decisions about classifying national security information. They determine whether information needs protection, assign its classification level (Top Secret, Secret, or Confidential), specify the reason for classification, and set the duration. Derivative classifiers, on the other hand, simply apply the original markings without re-assessing the classification.
If a derivative classifier encounters missing markings, such as a declassification date, they are responsible for correcting it. If the necessary information is unclear, they must consult the first OCA. Additionally, if an employee creates unmarked information that seems to require classification and no Security Classification Guide (SCG) is available, the material must be treated as classified and forwarded to the first OCA in the chain of command. The OCA must make a classification decision within 30 days [5]. Performing these duties requires an active security clearance.
OCAs work in tandem with SCGs to ensure classification markings are standardized and consistent across documents.
How to Use Security Classification Guides (SCGs)
Security Classification Guides (SCGs) are the go-to resource for derivative classification. The Department of State underscores their importance:
"Use of the Classification Guide is the preferred method of classification and is intended to ensure uniformity and conformity with government-wide classification standards." – Department of State, 5 FAM 482.3 a.
SCGs provide detailed instructions on classification levels, markings, and timeframes for declassification. When creating new documents, derivative classifiers should consult the relevant SCG to confirm the material falls under its guidance, assign the proper classification level, and apply the required markings. For instance, classified documents derived from an SCG must include a "Derived From" line that identifies the specific guide and states the declassification date. This process ensures consistent treatment of similar information throughout the organization.
Preventing Over-Classification
Proper classification strikes a balance: safeguarding national security without imposing unnecessary restrictions on information. The key principle is to classify information at the lowest level necessary. If there’s significant uncertainty about the appropriate level, the default should be the lower category. Over-classification creates barriers to access, increases costs, and complicates information handling. Moreover, classification must never be used to hide legal violations, mask inefficiencies, avoid embarrassment, suppress competition, or delay the release of non-sensitive information.
One safeguard against over-classification is the 25-year rule. If a declassification date is missing, a valid date – no more than 25 years from the document’s creation – should be added [5]. By adhering to these principles, derivative classifiers help protect national security while promoting transparency and accessibility where appropriate.
Derivative Classifier Responsibilities
Derivative classifiers play a critical role in ensuring classified information is safeguarded while maintaining accountability. Their work demands precise documentation and the correct application of classification markings.
Carrying Forward Classification Markings
At its core, derivative classification involves creating new materials based on existing classified sources, ensuring all relevant markings are carried over [4].
When working with classified information, derivative classifiers rely on three key concepts: "contained in", "revealed by", and "compilation" [3]. Here’s what each term means:
- Contained in: Information directly pulled from a classified source.
- Revealed by: When combining unclassified pieces of information results in something classified.
- Compilation: When assembling unclassified data creates a classified outcome.
To ensure markings are accurate, derivative classifiers consult the appropriate Security Classification Guides (SCGs). These guides provide detailed instructions on how to mark new documents, eliminating the need for independent judgment about classification levels.
The accuracy of these markings is crucial. Mistakes can either expose sensitive information or place unnecessary restrictions on materials that don’t require such protection.
Once markings are carried forward correctly, the next step is thorough documentation.
Documenting the Derivative Classifier
After applying the proper markings, derivative classifiers must document their decisions. This includes recording the basis for classification decisions, as required by policy [7]. Documentation identifies who applied the markings and the reasoning behind them.
When multiple sources are used, it’s essential to compile and attach a comprehensive list of those sources [6]. Additionally, portion-marking drafts while documenting sources can streamline the review process [7]. This approach not only simplifies the classification review but also ensures all sources are accounted for.
Accurate documentation serves several purposes: it allows security officials to verify compliance with classification procedures, provides a record for future declassification efforts, and establishes accountability if questions arise regarding the handling of classified materials.
Marking Classified Information
Marking a document involves more than just stamping "Secret" on it. Derivative classifiers must apply a full set of markings that clearly indicate the classification level, the authority for classification, and handling instructions.
Each section of a document must reflect the highest classification level it contains. This ensures readers can quickly identify which parts of a document include sensitive information. Additionally, the overall document marking – usually displayed prominently on the cover or first page – must indicate the highest classification level present. This marking should include:
- The classification level (e.g., Top Secret, Secret, or Confidential)
- The reason for classification
- Declassification instructions
Training plays a key role in ensuring classifiers apply markings correctly. This training focuses on the principles of derivative classification, including classification levels, duration, and proper marking practices [2]. Importantly, derivative classifiers must complete this training at least once every two years. Failing to meet this requirement results in the suspension of their authority to apply classification markings [2].
The two-year training cycle ensures that derivative classifiers stay up to date with policy changes and evolving procedures. Non-compliance not only affects individual authority but also underscores the importance of accurate markings in protecting national security. These practices are essential to maintaining the integrity of the classification system and safeguarding sensitive information.
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Training and Compliance Requirements
Federal regulations require derivative classifiers to understand and apply key classification principles. These guidelines are critical for safeguarding classified information and protecting national security. Below, we’ll break down the essential training topics and deadlines necessary to meet compliance standards.
Required Training Topics
Proper training ensures that classified information is handled consistently and securely. The curriculum focuses on the processes and methods for derivatively classifying national security information. It includes guidance on how to use authorized sources like Security Classification Guides (SCGs) and properly marked source documents[3][8].
Key classification concepts are also covered, such as the terms "contained in", "revealed by", and "classification by compilation." These tools are essential for making informed classification decisions[3][8]. The training stresses avoiding over-classification, following classification rules and limitations, and sharing information appropriately. It also addresses managing classification challenges, recognizing security incidents, and understanding the consequences of non-compliance[3][8].
Participants learn how to carry forward classification guidance, apply downgrading and declassification instructions, and analyze information to determine what requires classification[8]. If content appears misclassified or there are conflicting instructions from authorized sources, derivative classifiers are encouraged to consult their security manager or Facility Security Officer for clarification[8].
Failing to meet these standards can lead to serious professional repercussions[8].
Training Schedule and Deadlines
Timely training is crucial for ensuring accurate application of classification markings. All cleared professionals must complete training before performing any derivative classification duties. Some agencies enforce stricter timelines; for instance, personnel under the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and the Department of State must complete training annually[3][5].
Missing a training deadline results in the suspension of classification authority until the required training is completed[2][5]. This suspension can disrupt job responsibilities, delay tasks, and impact team or project timelines.
To stay compliant, cleared professionals should familiarize themselves with regulations like 22 CFR 9.6, DoD 5220.22-M (NISPOM), and DoDM 5200.01, which outlines the DoD Information Security Program[1][8]. Keeping track of training deadlines and setting reminders can help avoid lapses in classification authority.
Clear training guidelines and strict deadlines ensure that professionals remain competent and compliant in their roles.
Applying Derivative Classification at Work
Applying derivative classification accurately in your daily tasks is a critical responsibility for cleared professionals. Whether drafting reports, preparing briefings, or compiling data from multiple sources, handling classified information demands precision and adherence to established protocols. Below are practical steps to help you consistently manage and create classified documents.
Creating New Documents with Classified Information
When you create a document that includes classified information, you’re engaging in derivative classification. This involves using, paraphrasing, rephrasing, or presenting classified information in a new format while ensuring the new material is marked correctly based on the original source[9][6].
Start by determining whether the information you plan to use is already classified. To do this, refer to authorized sources like Security Classification Guides (SCGs), properly marked source documents, or other official classification guidelines. Once you confirm the classification level, ensure your new document reflects the appropriate markings[6].
For example, if you’re writing a threat assessment report that incorporates intelligence from multiple classified briefings, review the classification markings on each source. Identify the highest classification level among the materials you’re using. If a paragraph from one source is marked Secret and you paraphrase it, your version must also be marked Secret.
All cleared personnel in the Department of Defense are responsible for ensuring derivative classification is carried out according to established regulations[6]. Additionally, DoD officials who approve or sign derivatively classified documents bear the ultimate responsibility for their accuracy[6]. Contractors should follow the guidelines outlined in the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM)[9][10], while DoD personnel must adhere to DODM 5200.01, the DoD Information Security Program[10].
Consulting these authorized sources is essential when creating classified documents. The classification markings on your source materials and the instructions in your SCG serve as your guide. Next, let’s explore how to properly handle the extraction or reproduction of classified material.
Extracting or Reproducing Classified Information
If you make an exact copy of a classified document without altering its content, this is not considered derivative classification[6]. In such cases, the original classification markings remain intact, and no additional decisions are required. However, when you extract portions of classified information or reproduce content with modifications, you are performing derivative classification.
For example, if you take a paragraph marked Confidential from a larger document and include it in a new report, that paragraph must retain its Confidential marking. You cannot change the classification level without proper authorization.
When combining material from multiple sources with varying classification levels, ensure the final document reflects the highest classification level among the sources, as discussed earlier.
Derivative classification applies whenever you extract, paraphrase, rephrase, or create new content based on existing classified information[9][6].
Conclusion
The principles discussed above are essential for managing classified information securely and responsibly.
Derivative classification plays a key role in protecting national security. Every time classified information is created, extracted, or reproduced, a decision is made that directly impacts the safeguarding of sensitive data. Understanding the basics – like identifying the Original Classification Authority and correctly using Security Classification Guides – ensures that classified material is handled appropriately in your daily responsibilities.
As a cleared professional, your responsibility goes beyond simply copying classification markings. It involves accurately carrying forward classification levels, documenting your role as the derivative classifier, and applying proper markings. Avoiding over-classification is equally important, as it can obstruct legitimate information sharing and lead to inefficiencies.
Keeping up with training requirements is non-negotiable. According to a January 31, 2019 memorandum from the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, "Derivative classification training must now be completed on an annual basis." This regular training ensures you stay updated on policy changes, reinforces best practices, and helps you address classification challenges before they escalate into security breaches [3].
Key practices – such as using authorized sources, employing terms like "contained in" or "revealed by", and following proper marking procedures – serve as the backbone of compliant derivative classification. Incorporating these steps into your routine not only protects national security but also upholds your professional credibility. Mishandling classified information can result in serious consequences [3].
If you’re ever uncertain, consult your Security Classification Guide (SCG) or speak with your security officer. By adhering to these practices, you contribute to the protection of classified information and the broader mission of safeguarding national security.
FAQs
What should I do if a document I’m working on has missing or unclear classification markings?
If you come across a document with missing or unclear classification markings, it’s crucial to act quickly and responsibly. Start by following your agency’s procedures to question or confirm the document’s classification. This usually means reaching out to your security officer or the classification authority for guidance.
Make sure to document your concerns and handle the document carefully until its classification is verified. These actions are essential for staying compliant and safeguarding sensitive information from being mishandled.
What steps can derivative classifiers take to prevent over-classification, and why is it important to avoid this mistake?
Derivative classifiers play a key role in preventing over-classification by sticking closely to authorized sources for classification guidance and respecting the original classification authority’s decisions. This approach ensures that information is classified properly, avoiding excessive restrictions that can complicate access and use.
Over-classification isn’t just a paperwork issue – it can create real problems. It can obstruct transparency, slow down the release of non-sensitive information, and even hide potential legal or ethical concerns. By classifying information accurately, professionals strike a balance between maintaining security and fostering efficiency and accountability in their work.
What is the difference between original classification and derivative classification, and why should cleared professionals understand both?
Original classification refers to the process of deciding whether certain information should be classified, a responsibility handled by an Original Classification Authority (OCA). On the other hand, derivative classification involves taking already classified information and incorporating it into new materials, ensuring the new content is accurately marked and consistent with the original classification.
Both processes are essential for cleared professionals to protect the integrity of classified information. Handling these tasks correctly minimizes the risk of unauthorized disclosures and ensures adherence to security protocols across all professional responsibilities.
